Bootstrap is a free and open-source front-end web framework for designing websites and web applications.It contains HTML- and CSS-based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, navigation and other interface components, as well as optional JavaScript extensions. Unlike many web frameworks, it concerns itself with front-end development only.
Bootstrap is the second most-starred project on GitHub, with over 95 thousand stars and more than 40 thousand forks.
Bootstrap, originally named Twitter Blueprint, was developed by Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton at Twitter as a framework to encourage consistency across internal tools. Before Bootstrap, various libraries were used for interface development, which led to inconsistencies and a high maintenance burden. According to Twitter developer Mark Otto:
"A super small group of developers and I got together to design and build a new internal tool and saw an opportunity to do something more. Through that process, we saw ourselves build something much more substantial than another internal tool. Months later, we ended up with an early version of Bootstrap as a way to document and share common design patterns and assets within the company.
Bootstrap is compatible with the latest versions of the Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Safari browsers, although some of these browsers are not supported on all platforms.
Since version 2.0 it also supports responsive web design. This means the layout of web pages adjusts dynamically, taking into account the characteristics of the device used (desktop, tablet, mobile phone).
Starting with version 3.0, Bootstrap adopted a mobile-first design philosophy, emphasizing responsive design by default.
The version 4.0 alpha release added Sass and Flexbox support.
Bootstrap is modular and consists essentially of a series of Less stylesheets that implement the various components of the toolkit. A stylesheet called bootstrap less includes the components stylesheets. Developers can adapt the Bootstrap file itself, selecting the components they wish to use in their project.
Adjustments are possible to a limited extent through a central configuration stylesheet. More profound changes are possible by the Less declarations.
The use of Less stylesheet language allows the use of variables, functions and operators, nested selectors, as well as so-called mixins.
Since version 2.0, the configuration of Bootstrap also has a special "Customize" option in the documentation. Moreover, the developer chooses on a form the desired components and adjusts, if necessary, the values of various options to their needs. The subsequently generated package already includes the pre-built CSS style sheet.
As of Bootstrap 4, Sass will be used for stylesheets instead of Less.
Grid system and responsive design comes standard with a 1170 pixel wide, grid layout. Alternatively, the developer can use a variable-width layout. For both cases, the toolkit has four variations to make use of different resolutions and types of devices: mobile phones, portrait and landscape, tablets and PCs with low and high resolution. Each variation adjusts the width of the columns.
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